Africa

This declaration was prepared for the Conference of Burundi Development Partners in Geneva on 29th-30th October 2012. It puts forth concrete policy recommendations on development, gender equality, economic empowerment and peacebuilding priorities for Burundi. Burundi’s second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper outlines the Government’s commitments for the country’s economic growth and development from 2012 to 2016 and was prepared in consultation with development partners and other stakeholders. Following the successful advocacy of these women’s rights organisations in Burundi over the past few years, the PRSP II document reflects concerns and priorities outlined by a broad cross-section of Burundian women. It is now crucial to ensure that these written commitments are translated into concrete and tangible actions that will benefit women and girls, and contribute to durable peace and reconciliation for all Burundians

This report summarises the findings of a series of case studies which explore the socio-economic aspects of reintegration programmes for ex-combatants in a number of conflict-affected countries where International Alert works: Nepal, Liberia and Uganda. The aim of the series is to stimulate discussions at the local, national and international level about the role that private sector actors can play in the effective reintegration of ex-combatants, and to strengthen practice by developing recommendations for future socio-economic reintegration programmes.

Ce rapport démontre la manière dont les conflits qui déchirent l’est de la République Démocratique du Congo sont enracinés dans l’histoire congolaise, et concernent principalement la répartition du pouvoir et des ressources économiques sous forte influence de l’identité ethnique des protagonistes. Les conflits mélangent des aspects locaux avec des dynamiques de guerre régionales, d’où un paysage conflictuel particulièrement complexe. Le rapport analyse les différents programmes qui ont visé à rétablir la paix à l’est du pays, concluant que ceux-ci n’ont pas véritablement abordé les causes profondes des conflits. Compte tenu de la disparité entre la nature politique et structurelle des conflits dans l’est de la RDC d’un côté, et de la réponse principalement technique de l’autre, le rapport argumente qu’une nouvelle génération d’initiatives de pacification et de stabilisation est requise.

This report looks at the reconciliation and reintegration of genocide survivors, former combatants, ex-prisoners and youth in Rwanda, and what lessons can be learned from the experience.

Ce rapport de recherche analyse les dynamiques du petit commerce transfrontalier au niveau des 3 frontières à l’Est de la RDC et entre le Burundi et le Rwanda, et propose des actions pour l’amélioration de ce commerce afin de faire avancer le pouvoir économique des femmes et, par là même, contribuer à la paix et à la sécurité dans la région. Ce rapport fait partie d’un projet d’International Alert qui vise le renforcement de l’environnement des affaires pour les femmes (majoritairement) petites commerçantes et la création d’opportunités de dialogue et rapprochement entre les commerçant(e)s et les autorités des pays concernés. La recherche est utilisée comme instrument pour les femmes commerçantes aux campagnes de sensibilisation à ces quatre frontières.

One of the positive outcomes of recent peace processes in Africa’s Great Lakes region has been the increased involvement of women in the public sphere, primarily thanks to the adoption of quota systems for female representation. Women have had some success in influencing official peace processes in the region, ensuring provisions for women’s rights were made. They have been actively engaged as both voters and candidates in elections, but few are elected. Masculine political systems, lack of gender expertise and gender norms and stereotypes remain obstacles to equal representation of women in political and public life. Post-conflict reconstruction has provided economic opportunities for women, but these advances have not necessarily led to more prominent roles in political decision making. This report makes recommendations for civil society, governments and the international community to strengthen women’s political participation and economic empowerment in these post-conflict countries. (Français)

Ce rapport analyse l’intégration d’une perspective genre dans le  processus de décentralisation au Rwanda et son impact sur la participation des femmes au niveau de la gouvernance locale et sur le plan national. Le rapport montre que  le principe de l’égalité des sexes n’est pas encore effectivement intégré dans le processus de décentralisation malgré le fait que l’adoption d’un système de quotas ait permis une plus large représentation  des femmes dans les instances décentralisées.  Les femmes continuent d’être sous représentées dans les positions clé en charge de la conception et de l’élaboration des politiques et des programmes. En outre, les entités décentralisées manquent de moyens techniques et financiers, ainsi que d’expertise en analyse de genre et en budgétisation sexospécifique pour mettre en œuvre une politique d’égalité des sexes authentique. Les femmes sont également marginalisées dans les espaces de participation citoyenne, conçus pour permettre aux populations de participer aux discussions sur les priorités de développement et la mise en œuvre des programmes. La recherche conclut que  le processus de décentralisation au Rwanda offre néanmoins des possibilités pour réduire l’écart entre les sexes afin d’arriver à une plus grande égalité. Cependant, ceci est subordonné à un renforcement du pouvoir de prise de décision des entités locales et des communautés de base, afin qu’elles puissent s’approprier le processus de décentralisation.

This report sets out to examine and understand the position of women in the peace economy and politics, and the interaction between their increased economic power and their participation in political and public life in northern Uganda. Women have played a key role in the region’s economic recovery after the war, enabling them to increase their income significantly; however, not at a level which would allow them to achieve economic security, and break free from the cycle of economic survival and merely meeting practical needs. Development and reconstruction policies in northern Uganda have not taken into account the important contribution made by women in the building of a peace economy. Furthermore, very little attention has been paid by development planners to the high levels of sexual violence against women and the way in which unequal gender relations continue to affect the economic recovery. All this explains, to a large extent, women’s poor participation in politics in northern Uganda, even though their increased income has allowed many of them to play a more central role in decision making within the household and to acquire greater mobility and influence in decision-making bodies in communities.

This report focuses on how theories of change can improve the effectiveness of peacebuilding interventions. A review of 19 peacebuilding projects in three conflict-affected countries found that the process of articulating and reviewing theories of change adds rigour and transparency, clarifies project logic, highlights assumptions that need to be tested, and helps identify appropriate participants and partners. However, the approach has limitations, including the difficulty of gathering theory-validating evidence.

The current phase of oil exploration in Uganda offers a unique opportunity to alleviate poverty and create broad-based development and improved standards of living across the country. A strong and functioning legislative framework for managing the different aspects of the oil resource is essential to ensuring positive outcomes, as are strong and effective government institutions; an environment that requires transparent disclosure of payments and receipts from oil revenues; existence of independent and effective law-enforcement agencies to deal with transgressions; and committed policy implementers. The role of parliamentarians in scrutinising the sector is in turn equally critical.

Oil and Gas Laws in Uganda; A Legislator’s Guide, sets out the main provisions of the proposed framework, and how these differ from existing provisions. The Guide will serve as a helpful tool for legislators, as they take up their task of developing Uganda’s regulatory framework for its nascent oil industry.

Despite notable positive developments in many post-conflict countries in Africa, women’s representation in the parliaments of Liberia and Sierra Leone remains low and elections are still a considerable source of tension. This paper draws on local views to provide a largely qualitative assessment of the current state of women’s political participation in the two countries ahead of their forthcoming elections. It initially identifies the expanding opportunities for women that have emerged since conflict ended and shows how accompanying trends affect their greater participation. The paper then highlights the key issues on women’s minds ahead of the forthcoming elections, before proposing a set of recommended actions to advance women’s political participation further in the two countries.

Ce rapport cherche à déterminer si les violences sexuelles peuvent toujours être considérées comme une arme de guerre dans l’est de la République démocratique du Congo et se penche sur les raisons pouvant expliquer de tels niveaux de violence. Malgré la signature d’un accord de paix global en 2003 (accords de Lusaka), l’organisation d’élections en RDC en 2006 et la signature de divers accords de paix locaux avec les groupes armés congolais du Nord et du Sud-Kivu en 2008 et 2009, la guerre n’est pas encore finie dans l’est de la RDC. Du point de vue de la population, avant même les autres formes d’insécurité physique, comme les raids, enlèvements, pillages des biens et du bétail, incendies des habitations et meurtres, l’un des principaux indicateurs de cette situation est la persistance des violences sexuelles.

This study identifies disputed control over land as a root cause of conflict in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The report focuses on conflicts between customary and state-run land tenure systems, as well as claims by some communities to “indigenous” status which are used to relegate others to “migrant” or “foreigner” status. Waves of population displacement have created overlapping claims to land, and an ongoing process of refugee return is currently increasing tensions over these claims in parts of Eastern DRC. The report examines efforts to manage this return process and offers recommendations for action by local and international actors.

Sexual violence continues unabated in Eastern DRC, despite the signing of various peace accords from 2003 onwards and the promulgation of the 2006 Laws sanctioning sexual violence. This report focuses on community perceptions of sexual violence in Eastern DRC and shows that the persistence of sexual abuse against women but also increasingly against grown men and children is considered by communities in Eastern DRC as one the primary indicator that war is not yet over. The study examines whether the “rape as the weapon of war” analysis for sexual violence, which has become one of the main building-blocks of the international community’s response, is sufficient to explain the persistence of sexual violence, for even though military forces and rebels groups remain the primary perpetrators, sexual violence is also increasingly committed by civilians. The report argues that although it is still valid to describe sexual abuse as a weapon of war in certain circumstances in Eastern DRC, we should look at additional underlying structural factors such as poverty and scarcity of land, weakness of state structures, physical and economic insecurity. The study also examines the part played by ethnic and gender identities, gender norms and discourses as well as changing gender roles. The report proposes a number of policy recommendations to policy-makers in DRC and the wider region.